Flat glass in cludes plate and architectural glass, automotive. Preface ii manufacture of glass chapter 5 presents the bat conclusions as defined in article 312 of the directive. Shatterproof glass is used for windows, skylights, floors etc. The chemical makeup of detergents that may be used by float glass manufacturing could vary significantlysome could contain phosphorous in hand blown and pressed glass, pollutants in. Glass producers are facing permanently increasing demands, requiring an absolutely stable production process. This is only possible, using advanced quality and process control methods. In blowing and pressing, pollutants in effluents are. Introduction to glass technology 8 float process description. Float glass process an overview sciencedirect topics. Bernard savaete gana 25 april 2018 flat glass industry trends 11 the key influencers 12 the chinese producers with special mention for fuyao who is going to become, very soon, the main producer of automobile glass parts in the world, well positioned to supply the local booming market saint gobain for the automobile business. Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin, although lead and other various lowmeltingpoint alloys were used in the past. This method gives the glass uniform thickness and a very flat. Thege reports have been freely used in preparing papers for this bulletin. Fourcault process crowns were subsequently replaced by the cylinder blown and later the cylinder drawn process in 1903.
Glass making process discover heavyweight productions. Global demand for fabricated flat glass is growing at a fast pace, and is expected to reach 9,900 million u. Glass manufacturing industry march 2005 overseas environmental cooperation center, japan. New age media video production recommended for you. The ribbon moves to the cold end of the line where it is washed and automatically cut, as it travels along the rollers. The glass production source category consists of facilities that manufacture glass including flat, container, or pressed and blown glass or wool fiberglass using one or more continuous glass melting furnaces. All irregularities are melted out of the ribbon, to give the glass a flat, parallel. Plate glass, flat glass or sheet glass is a type of glass, initially produced in plane form, commonly used for windows, glass doors, transparent walls, and windscreens. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. The molten glass will exit the furnace at approximately o c. Manufacturing process of a glass bottle machines and industry duration. More than 8085% of the global production of float glass is used in the construction industry glass for europe, 2015a. Mass flow thresholds for continuous monitoring of emissions. Nov 06, 2019 the glass industry is a continuously growing one.
Glass container manufacture in the developed world is a mature market business. Glass manufacturing process and air pollutants quartz sand soda ash limestone others cullet tank furnace pot furnace manual forming annealing tempering furnace decorating bending furnace laminating process firing oven glasses for car sheet glass bottle, container fluorescent tube others optical glass flit heavy oil heavy oil s o x, n o x. The grinding and polishing of flat glass to produce plate glass has become obsolete since the development of the float glass process. Now, there is widespread production of glass containers for the food industry. Pdf improving the quality of cutting flat glass researchgate.
Once the glass is melted, a portion of the glass is removed from the melting vessel and is formed into a product. Glass manufacturing is an energyintensive industry mainly. During the 1970s, major events like the oil embargo, subsequent fuel shortages and the ensuing economic recession created a new challenge for glass manufacturersincreasing energy efficiency. The world leader in flat glass production is the british company pilkingtons of st helens, which was responsible for invention of the float glass process described below. In the drawing process, molten glass is drawn upward in a sheet through rollers, with. Chapter 6 presents information on emerging techniques as defined in article 314 of the. Kim credito, patrick duck, chip murph, wanda sledd, and veronica. It is prized for its high light transmission, optical clarity and ability to be fabricated to meet custom performance and aesthetic needs.
The fusion process also adds to the toughness of materials like gorilla glass and willow glass. In the 1960s, glass manufacturers went through a decade of progress, with many technological advances changing the face of the industry e. The float glass process is used to make highquality, flat glass for the construction and automotive industry. So, it cannot form sharp edged pieces when it breaks. Environmental product declaration national glass association. Ribbon is held in chemically controlled atmosphere at a high enough. This document describes the manufacture of flat glass and pressed and blown glass. Float glass is sheet glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. Nov 01, 2019 production volume of flat glass in taiwan 20082018 sales value of glass containers in taiwan 20082017 industry revenue of manufacture of industrial glass in south korea 20112023. The float glass process, which was originally developed by pilkington brothers in 1959 haldimann et al.
The united states, europe and china account for 75% of demand, with chinas consumption having increased from. The float process technology is the basis of all modern glass production, it also widely used for the production of glass bottles. The glass is melted in a single vessel or furnace, which is sometimes called a day tank. Sep 06, 2016 the glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production. Flat glass manufacturing 1997 economic census manufacturing industry series 1997 issued september 1999.
The industry responded with a range of innovative products that increased. China apisglass interior tempered glass factory shower glass printing glass duration. For modern architectural and automotive applications, the flat glass is sometimes bent after production of the plane sheet. Production volume of flat glass in taiwan 20082018 sales value of glass containers in taiwan 20082017 industry revenue of manufacture of industrial glass in south korea 20112023. Experimental furnaces and research and development process units are excluded. Industrial glass, solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and that shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements.
This method of making flat glass is the most popular method used by manufacturers and requires a great deal of initial capital to start up. Jul 10, 2018 glass production involves two main methods the float glass process that produces sheet glass, and glassblowing that produces bottles and other containers. Top surface becomes flat by glass flow due to gravity. While the glass industry is based on global production, transformation and distribution, under present market conditions there are cost and transport constraints which make it uneconomic for flat and container glass to be transported long distances.
Glass manufacture admits of such slight variations in the character of its raw materials that the materials used from the central states are rgarded as representing very fairly the grade demanded for the industry at large. Jul 01, 2016 the float glass process is used to make highquality, flat glass for the construction and automotive industry. Developed in 1959, this highlytechnical manufacturing process involves using some of earths most abundant raw materials to produce a durable glass product. The technology of producing of bottle glass consists of two production cycles. Glass manufacturing is among the most energyintensive. During the 1960s aluminium largely replaced timber for framed joinery and the. Over the past fifty years the group can claim to have been responsible for almost every major advance in glass technology. Window glass is made in a commercial process that uses very large quantities of materials. World demand for flat glass was approximately 52 million tonnes in 2009. During the postwar era of the 1950s, the glass industry was swept up with the prosperity and optimism that permeated much of america.
The float process, invented by sir alastair pilkington in 1959, is used throughout the world to produce high quality glass for buildings and vehicles. Types of glass and its properties for use in construction. The molten glass is floated onto a bath of molten tin, forming a perfectly flat surface, and a ribbon that is naturally approximately 6. Container glass and pressed and blown glass, 51 and 25 percent respectively of total sodalime glass production, use pressing, blowing or pressing and blowing to form the desired product. The technology of glass manufacturing by the float process implies a flow of glass mass in the form of a tape into a cooling melt with tin. Clear and distortion free, guardian float glass is offered in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses to suit any flat glass application. These three propertieslustre, transparency, and durabilitymake glass a favoured material for such household objects as windowpanes. Fundamentals of laminating process and quality requirements. Flat glass is used in homes, vehicles, public buildings, offices, hotels, shops etc and the most popular method of production used is the float glass process. The industrial sector, which includes manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction, accounted for nearly a third of total u. The glass flows out onto the tin surface, forming a floating ribbon with a. Us2911759a us473358a us47335854a us2911759a us 2911759 a us2911759 a us 2911759a us 473358 a us473358 a us 473358a us 47335854 a us47335854 a us 47335854a us 2911759 a us2911759 a us 2911759a authority us united states prior art keywords ribbon bath glass tank heat prior art date 19531210 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is. The glass flows out onto the tin surface, forming a floating ribbon with a perfectly smooth glossy surface on both sides. Not only sodalime glass, but also leadfree crystal, full lead crystal, opal and borosilicate glasses of differing.
The grinding and polishing of flat glass to produce plate glass have become obsolete since the development of the float glass process. May 01, 2017 china apisglass interior tempered glass factory shower glass printing glass duration. The glass has no wave or distortion and is now the standard method for glass production. Our float glass is the building block for all types of uses. Very fine glass powder ranging between 100 and 500 microns is mixed with a foaming agent and heated to the foaming temperature between 700 and 900c. Corning teams scale the fusion process up or down to meet different customers size and specification requirements. Industrial glass, also called architectural glass, solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and that shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements. Float process is a special way of forming the glass where the glass stream entering the. The lower surface of this material becomes perfectly smooth, and the surface tension makes the top surface flat. A schematic diagram of the production process of float glass is shown in fig.
A further development, the electrofloat process, introduced in 1967, made it possible to implant copper and other metal ions into the upper surface read more. In the float glass process, the ingredients silica, lime, soda, etc. Coojjs and published each year by the survey in mircral resources of the infflb states. This epd represents flat glass production by participating nga member companies produced during 2015. There are a variety of methods for making window glass, but almost all flat glass is currently made with the float glass method. The united states, europe and china account for 75% of demand, with chinas consumption having increased from 20% in the early 1990s to 50%. In particular, the mass production of glass relates to the manufacturing. The width and thickness of the glass ribbon is controlled by the rate at which the glass is pulled through the tin bath. The glass flow onto the tin bath is regulated by a gate, called a tweel, which is. In plate glass in the 1950s, called the floatglass method, results in an important. The process of making glass bottles in recent decades, the scientific and technological revolution in all fields has led. All irregularities are melted out of the ribbon, to give the glass a flat, parallel surface.
Float glass production of flat glass in a float glass process q question a answer situation analysis 1100c 2012f hot molten glass is fed into the float bath tin bath. Glass manufacturing process and air pollutants quartz sand soda ash limestone others cullet tank furnace pot furnace manual forming annealing. Flat glass stands in contrast to container glass used for bottles, jars, cups and glass fibre used. The upstream flat glass melting is a continuous production process with largescale industrial furnaces heated up to 1600 c. These sites cannot be switched off from one day to another for safety reasons. Flat glass industry trends glass association of north. Glass delivery to tin float bath lehigh university. Controlling glass flow, mastering ribbon formation and ensuring the. Because the surface of the molten tin is flat, so is the glass. Us2911759a us473358a us47335854a us2911759a us 2911759 a us2911759 a us 2911759a us 473358 a us473358 a us 473358a us 47335854 a us47335854 a us 47335854a us 2911759 a us2911759 a us 2911759a authority us united states prior art keywords ribbon bath glass tank heat prior art date 19531210 legal status the legal status is an assumption.
The chemical makeup of detergents that may be used in float glass manufacturing can vary significantlysome may contain phosphorus. The products of this industry are flat glass, container glass, and pressed and blown glass. In a batch process, all raw materials are added at one time, as opposed to being continually fed into a furnace. A continuous ribbon of molten glass floats along the surface of molten tin. Management challenges for sustainable development, november 6th7th, 2014, bucharest, romania approximately 60% of the costs destined for raw materials. In addition to glass appropriate for the mass markets of windows and containers, there are several specialist glasses designed for specific purposes. In principle a long balloon of glass was blown or drawn. These three propertieslustre, transparency, and durabilitymake glass a favoured material for such household objects as windowpanes, bottles, and lightbulbs. The glass is remarkably flat, uniform in thickness, and able to withstand heatintensive processes like application of lcd circuitry. Its almost always made from sodalime glass, which is by far the most common type of glass.
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